The shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in the body, and that mobility comes at a cost. It relies heavily on muscles, tendons, and ligaments for stability rather than a deep bony socket, which makes it vulnerable to a wide range of problems. In my 35 years of orthopaedic practice, shoulder complaints are among the most common reasons people walk in.
The most common causes of shoulder pain
- Rotator cuff problems are the single most frequent cause. The rotator cuff is a group of four tendons that stabilise the shoulder. These tendons can become inflamed (tendinitis), partially torn, or fully torn. Pain typically worsens when lifting the arm overhead or reaching behind the back.
- Impingement syndrome occurs when the rotator cuff tendons get pinched between the bones of the shoulder during arm movements. It causes pain with overhead activity and can progress to a rotator cuff tear if not addressed.
- Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) causes gradually worsening stiffness and pain. It is covered in detail in a separate article on this site, but it is worth noting here as one of the most common shoulder diagnoses.
- Shoulder bursitis is inflammation of the fluid-filled cushion (bursa) that reduces friction between the rotator cuff and the bone above it. It often coexists with rotator cuff tendinitis.
- Arthritis of the shoulder joint, either osteoarthritis from wear and tear or inflammatory arthritis, causes deep joint pain and stiffness.
- Referred pain from the neck. Cervical disc problems or nerve compression in the neck can send pain down into the shoulder and arm. This is sometimes mistaken for a shoulder problem.
- Injury, including a fall on an outstretched hand, a direct blow, or a sudden yank while playing sport.
Warning signs that need prompt attention
- Sudden inability to lift the arm after an injury, which may suggest a significant rotator cuff tear or a fracture.
- Shoulder pain that wakes you every night and is not settling with rest and basic painkillers.
- Visible deformity or swelling after a fall or collision.
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness running down the arm into the hand.
- Shoulder pain accompanied by chest tightness, breathlessness, or jaw pain, which could indicate a cardiac problem. This is an emergency. Call 108 or go to the nearest hospital immediately.
What to expect at the clinic
Your orthopaedic evaluation will include a series of specific tests, movements that help identify which structure is involved. An X-ray is usually the first imaging step. If a soft tissue injury such as a rotator cuff tear is suspected, an ultrasound or MRI may be recommended. Treatment depends on the diagnosis and ranges from physiotherapy and guided exercises, to medication, to, in some cases, a referral for surgery at an accredited partner hospital.
Many shoulder problems respond well to conservative treatment when caught early. The longer you wait, the harder it gets to recover full movement and strength.
Persistent pain that limits your daily activities can affect your mood and sleep. If that is happening, support is available. You can reach the free national Tele-MANAS mental health helpline at any time on 14416 (or 1800-891-4416). If you or someone near you is in immediate danger, call 108 or go to the nearest hospital.
A word from our clinic
I am Dr. Girishchandra Bartakke, an orthopaedic specialist with 35 years of experience, practising at Prudent International Health Clinic in Viman Nagar, Pune. If shoulder pain is stopping you from reaching, lifting, or sleeping comfortably, come in for an assessment. Early identification of the problem means a simpler path to recovery. We are open all 7 days, 9 AM to 9 PM, with walk-ins welcome. Call or WhatsApp us on +91 70287 22200. For current pricing, call the clinic on +91 70287 22200.
